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How to Make A Low-Cost But Attractive Bookshelves

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How to Make A Low-Cost But Attractive Bookshelves

Bookshelves are the most important furniture items in a house. It accommodates not only books, but also different kinds of things that need space to put on. Below are the steps in making a low-cost but attractive and beautiful piece of bookshelves.

Instructions

1

Dimension of the bookshelves to make

First of all, you determine the number of books that you want to store on your bookshelves cabinet. Usually, the depth of the bookshelves ranges from 10” to 12”. The safest dimension of the depth is 10”. Most books are only of that size. Regarding the width or length as you may want to call it, count first the number of books in one layer or shelf (plural – shelves).

Each layer or shelf which carries your books should be at least 12” in height (clear height). If you plan to make a 3-layer or 3-shelves bookshelves, your total bookshelves height would be 3×12+the thickness of the shelves and the thickness also of the bottom panel and the top panel. You will get now the total height of your cabinet. That is exactly 36 + (3/4×3+3/4+3/4) = 39-3/4” You can make it 40” outside.

Regarding the length or width of your bookshelves, you can make it as long as 96” for more space or 48”, depending on the space on the wall where you want to install it. If you want to place your bookshelves atop your computer, for example, a 48” bookshelves is more appropriate. It would be very impractical to have very wide bookshelves because you need to stand up to reach the books at the ends of the bookshelves. Everything must be within reach.

2

Materials needed

The most common material needed to make bookshelves cabinet is the plywood. The shelves must be in ¾” thick minimum. The thickness should depend on the width of your bookshelves and also on the weight of your books. If you think your books are heavier than ordinary ones, you may use thicker plywood for the shelves. But normally, a bookshelves of 48” wide will require only a ¾” thick plywood shelves.

The backing of your bookshelves should not be thicker than ¼” plywood, not only on savings purposes but also for practicality. Or, you may not put a backing anymore if you going to install it against a plastered or finished concrete wall. Backings are required only if the bookshelves will be installed without a wall to receive it.

Do not forget to put a screw studs for installing the bookshelves in the wall. One screw stud placed immediately below the top panel of your bookshelves is sufficient. But if you want to make it stronger, you may put another one immediately above the bottom panel. These screw studs MUST be glued at the ends and the side which touches the top or bottom panels. Do not rely on nails alone.

Any furniture item depends their strength and durability, specially the miniature ones, on wood glue. Nails are not sufficient to offer durability. Nails are used only temporarily while the glue has not yet dried. But even if you put the nails permanently, there is no problem on that.

Tips & Warnings

Tips

Stronger shelves construction

For stronger shelves construction, do not just put glue at the opposite ends and then fix them to the side panels using nails only. They may not able to last longer than you expected. For best result, cut a dado on the side panels to receive the shelves. For the bottom and top panels in relation to the side panels, a plain rabbet will suffice the construction of your bookshelves. For added durability, you may rather put a backing so that the shelves and the top and bottom panels are glued together. With that kind of construction, your bookshelves cabinet will last for a lifetime.

Paint or varnish finishes

If your budget is not limited, you can apply a very good finish on your bookshelves. You may choose to use a spray gun in applying automotive lacquer paint finish or lacquer varnish. If you are not so conscious of the finish of your bookshelves, you may just brush the paint or just an oil finish will do. It depends on your wishes.

Installation of bookshelves

Never use nails in installing your bookshelves to a wall, whether concrete or wooden wall. Use a screw. For concrete wall, the best to use in installation is tox screw. You drill a hole on the wall and then plant the tox which is made of a plastic material. You screw your bookshelves to it. The best intervals are 16” center to center on both screw studs.

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Top Ten Management on Multipoint Competition: An Overview of Enterprises Competing in The Multiple Markets

Introduction

A big issue that firms face these days is multipoint competition. Multipoint competition occurs when two or more enterprises encounter each other in different markets. In many instances, firms choose to cooperate with their rival firms simply because this is the smartest and safest approach. By cooperating, firms can hold each other in check and not allow one firm to gain a competitive advantage over other. If a firm chooses not to cooperate with their rival firm, several of their own markets may be affected in a negative way. The short term gains may be good, but in the end, the long term effects will be costly.

The Idea in a Nutshell

Multipoint competition, also known as multimarket competition, occurs when firms meet the same rivals in multiple markets. It is widely theorized that this will affect the intensity of competition, ultimately leading to cooperation or mutual forbearance between both competitors. The idea that firms will be less competitive if they meet in multiple markets is attributed to Simmel (1950) and Edwards (1955). Multipoint competition occurs widely throughout the business world. The most common markets multipoint competition occurs in are airlines, hospitals, banks, hotels, and computer software companies. In spite of the evidence that multimarket competition leads to mutual forbearance, it is still not totally conclusive. Research is continually being done each and every day to prove this relationship.

The Top Ten Things You Need to Know About Multipoint Competition

1. The automotive industry is a good industry to measure the effects of multipoint competition. The industry has consolidated to 12 major independent producers which operate across a number of different geographical markets. The auto industry consistently encounters competitors in the same market so this gives economist ample amounts of data to study.

2. Many of the top economists consider multipoint competition to be a negative thing. However, studies are not conclusive that multipoint competition hurts the competitiveness of the market that both firms engage in.

3. One of the negatives that may arise from multipoint competition is a theory known as mutual forbearance. Mutual forbearance is when firms support collusion across a range of markets because they recognize their interdependence.

4. A leading economist on multipoint competition was a man by the name of Corwin D. Edwards. Edwards wrote many books and also is credited for helping write a principles textbook named Economic Behavior.

5. A main reason why firms tend to be less aggressive in multipoint competition is because if a firm retaliates in one market, retaliation may occur in all the markets in which the firms simultaneously compete. Basically, it is just smarter to play it safe sometimes rather than to risk the well being of many markets at one time.

6. One thing a firm must take into consideration when engaging in multipoint competition is whether or not to cooperate in all the markets in which it simultaneously participates with its competitor or to go against them. Firms must consider the short term gains as well as look at the long term gains. Many times cooperation is the safest action.

7. Many people would think that the state of the economy would have a huge influence on whether or not firms decide to cooperate with one another in the same market. However, studies have shown that the state of the market has little influence on whether firms decide to cooperate or not. This is still being widely debated though.

8. In certain cases, multimarket contact can increase the level of competition between firms. A firm’s strength in one market may hurt the other firms business in another market. This consequently leaves the other firm no choice but to compete or suffer huge losses.

9. In order for firms to engage in multimarket interactions, they must be aware of multimarket interdependency and have the motivation to do so. This means that firms must be aware of each other’s companies activities and then managers can make a decision from there to cooperate or not.

10. In certain organizations, cooperation is more likely to occur in multipoint competition. One such organization is hospitals. Most of the time hospitals cooperate with one another because this effectively is better for the hospitals as well as the people it serves each day.

The Video Lounge

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lgz8ZVp4lT4

This is a short video on why competition is important in all aspects of life including the business world.

My Take

Multipoint competition is becoming a widely talked about topic today simply due to the fact that firms are continually competing with each other in various markets more than ever. All of the major industries engage in multipoint competition and they all handle it differently. I believe that the smartest way to handle multipoint competition is to simply cooperate with rival firms. The long term gains outweigh the short term gains. Not cooperating is simply just too risky. Many firms these days have wisely adopted this approach. Others argue that competition is necessary to the growth and development of certain markets. I feel that there is room for both approaches in the business world and it all really just depends on the situation.

References

(6/28/2010). Multimarket contact. 9/29/10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimarket_contact

Jaime Gomez. (04/06/2006). Multimarket competition, foothold strategies and performance. 10/01/10. http://www.ivie.es/downloads/ws/bf/2006/04/06/ponencia01.pdf

John Stephan. (July-Aug 2003). Bringing managers into theories of multimarket competition. 10/2/10. http://orgsci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/403

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Contact Info: To contact the author of “Top Ten Management on Multipoint Competition: An Overview of Enterprises Competing in the Multiple Markets,” please email Seth Bourgeois at Seth.Bourgeois@selu.edu.

Biography

David C. Wyld (dwyld.kwu@gmail.com) is the Robert Maurin Professor of Management at Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana. He is a management consultant, researcher/writer, and executive educator. His blog, Wyld About Business, can be viewed at http://wyld-business.blogspot.com/. He also serves as the Director of the Reverse Auction Research Center (http://reverseauctionresearch.blogspot.com/), a hub of research and news in the expanding world of competitive bidding. Dr. Wyld also maintains compilations of works he has helped his students to turn into editorially-reviewed publications at the following sites:

Management Concepts (http://toptenmanagement.blogspot.com/)

Book Reviews (http://wyld-about-books.blogspot.com/) and

Travel and International Foods (http://wyld-about-food.blogspot.com/).

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World’s Longest -running and Most Popular Periodicals

Periodicals have been part of our daily lives. Some popular periodicals have been in circulation for hundred years already. These periodicals provide us news, entertainment, advice, stories, tips, educational articles, latest in fashion, information and many others.

1. Reader’s Digest

Image Source

This is one of my personal favorite magazines, the Reader’s Digest. Since 1950′s it had a monthly circulation in the millions. Numerous foreign-language editions, as well as Braille edition, are published. Reader’s Digest is a monthly general-interest family magazine founded in 1922. Although its circulation has declined in recent years it is still the best-selling consumer magazine in the USA, with a circulation of 10 million copies in the United States, and a readership of 38 million. Global editions of Reader’s Digest reach an additional 40 million people in more than 70 countries, with 50 editions in 21 languages. It is also published in “Braille”, digital, audio, and a version in large type called Reader’s Digest Large Print. The magazine is owned and published by The Reader’s Digest Association, a privately-held company based in Chappaqua, New York.

2. TIME

Image Source

Time’s premier issue, March 3, 1923

Time is one of the world’s most favorite newsmagazine and one of the most popular magazines in the world. Time magazine was founded in 1923. One interesting trivia about Time is that the magazine has suggested that through an acronym the letters T-I-M-E stand for “The International Magazine of Events.” It is a weekly American newsmagazine. A European edition (Time Europe, formerly known as Time Atlantic) is published from London. Time Europe covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition (Time Asia) is based in Hong Kong. Time publishes simultaneously in Canada, with separate advertising. The South Pacific edition, covering Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney.

3. Newsweek

Image Source

Newsweek was founded in 1933, it is an American weekly newsmagazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence, although both are much larger than the third of America’s prominent weeklies, US News & World Report. Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region.

4. Vanity Fair

Image Source

Vanity Fair is an American magazine of culture, fashion, and politics published by Conde Nast Publications. Its first issue was published in 1913 but closed in 1936. It was however revived in 1983.

5. Ebony

Image Source

Ebony’s first issue was published in 1945. It is a monthly magazine for the African American market. Ebony cover photography has since its inception focused on African American celebrities and politicians–from Lena Horne and Dorothy Dandridge, to Michael Jackson and Barack Obama. Persistently upbeat like its generic contemporary Life, Ebony has striven always to address African-American issues, personalities, and interests in a positive and self-affirming manner. Corporations here and abroad have for decades created advertising specifically for the pages of Ebony featuring black models driving cars and enjoying soft drinks–the first magazine to feature such ads.

6. Cosmopolitan

Image Source

Cosmopolitan has been in circulation since it was first published in 1886. It is the best-selling young women’s magazine in the world. The content includes articles on relationships and sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, as well as fashion and beauty. Published by Hearst Magazines, Cosmopolitan has 58 international editions, is printed in 34 languages and is distributed in more than 100 countries

7. Ladies Home Journal

Image Source

This is the folded copy of The Ladies Home Journal and Practical Housekeeper (March 1886).

Ladies’ Home Journal is a magazine which first appeared February 16, 1883 and eventually became one of the leading magazines of the 20th Century, published by the Curtis Publishing Company.

8. Good Housekeeping

Image Source

Good Housekeeping magazine had been in continuous publication since it was first publish in 1885. This magazine was founded 1885 in Holyoke, Massachusetts. Good Housekeeping is a women’s magazine owned by the Hearst Corporation, featuring articles about women’s interests, product testing by The Good Housekeeping Institute, recipes, diet, health, as well as literary articles. It is well known for the “Good Housekeeping Seal,” popularly known as the “Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval.” The magazine achieved a circulation of 300,000 by 1911, at which time it was bought by the Hearst Corporation. In 1966 it reached 5,500,000 readers. The Hearst Corporation created a British edition along the same lines in 1922.

9. Vogue

Image Source

This magazine had been around for more than a hundred year. Vogue is a fashion and lifestyle magazine published in eighteen countries by Conde Nast Publications. Each month, Vogue publishes a magazine addressing topics of fashion, life and design. Vogue was founded as a bimonthly publication in 1892. In 1909, Conde Nast picked it up and slowly began growing the publication. The magazine’s number of subscriptions surged during the Depression and again during World War II.

10. National Geographic Magazine

Image Source

This magazine had been around for more than a hundred year. The National Geographic Magazine was first published in 1888. It is the official journal of the National Geographic Society. There are 12 monthly issues of the National Geographic per year, plus additional map supplements. On rare occasions, special editions are also issued. It contains articles about geography, popular science, history, culture, current events, and photography.

11. Sports Illustrated

Image Source

Sports Illustrated is an American sports magazine owned by media conglomerate Time Warner. It has over 3 million subscribers and is read by 23 million adults each week, including over 18 million men, 19% of the adult males in the United States. It was the first magazine with circulation over one million to win the National Magazine Award for General Excellence twice. Its swimsuit issue, which has been published since 1964, is now an annual publishing event that generates its own television shows, videos and calendars.

12. Popular Mechanics

Image Source

Popular Mechanics is an American magazine devoted to science and technology. It was first published in1902 and has been owned since the 1950s by the Hearst Corporation. There is also a Latin American edition that has been published for decades and a newly formed South African version available. Popular Mechanics features regular sections on automotive, home, outdoors, science, and technology topics.

13. The American Journal of Science

Image Source

The American Journal of Science (AJS) was founded in 1818. It is America’s longest-running scientific journal, having been published continuously since its conception in 1818. Until 1880, it was also known as the American Journal of Science and Arts, but its focus was always on natural sciences and especially on geology and related subjects. AJS is a high-impact journal, boasting an impact factor of 3.607 – making it the highest ranked peer-reviewed earth science journal, excluding review-oriented journals. Frequency of publication is once a month (without summer months July & August).

Hope you enjoyed this. Thank you!

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